Field Visit Activity 1.1:

 

Field Visit Activity 1.1:

Demonstrate and identify network devices and cables.

Field Visit Area

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) / Data Centers / Telecom Companies / IT

Companies / Tech Parks / University Network Labs / Broadcasting Stations (TV /

Radio), Corporate Office Network Infrastructure / School’s computer LAB.

Activity:

i. Identify network devices such as routers, switches, hubs, modems, and

access points by name and function.

ii. Recognize and name different types of networking cables, including

Ethernet (RJ-45), coaxial, fiber optic, and patch cables.

iii. Differentiate between wired and wireless networking components and

understand their roles in a network setup.

 

Activity 1.1: Demonstrate and Identify Network Devices and Cables

i. Identification of Network Devices and Their Functions

1. Router

• A router connects different networks and directs data between them.
• It allows devices to access the Internet.

2. Switch

• A switch connects multiple devices within a Local Area Network (LAN).
• It sends data only to the intended device, improving network efficiency.

3. Hub

• A hub connects multiple devices in a network.
• It broadcasts data to all connected devices without filtering.

4. Modem

• A modem converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa.
• It connects a computer network to an Internet Service Provider (ISP).

5. Access Point (AP)

• An access point provides wireless connectivity to devices.
• It allows smartphones, laptops, and tablets to connect to a network via Wi-Fi.

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ii. Identification of Networking Cables

1. Ethernet (RJ-45) Cable

• Used to connect computers, switches, and routers in a wired network.
• Contains an RJ-45 connector at both ends.

2. Coaxial Cable

• Consists of a central copper conductor surrounded by insulation.
• Commonly used for cable television and broadband Internet connections.

3. Fiber Optic Cable

• Uses light signals to transmit data.
• Provides very high speed and supports long-distance communication.

4. Patch Cable

• A short Ethernet cable used to connect network devices within a rack or office.
• Commonly used between switches, routers, and patch panels.

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iii. Difference Between Wired and Wireless Networking Components

Wired Networking	Wireless Networking
Uses physical cables for communication.	Uses radio waves for communication.
More stable and secure.	Provides mobility and flexibility.
Examples: Router, Switch, Ethernet Cable, Fiber Optic Cable.	Examples: Access Point, Wi-Fi Router, Wireless Adapter.
Generally offers faster and more reliable connections.	Easy to install and access from different locations.

Conclusion

During the field visit, various network devices such as routers, switches, hubs, modems, and access points were observed and identified. Different networking cables including Ethernet (RJ-45), coaxial, fiber optic, and patch cables were also recognized. The activity helped in understanding the functions of network devices and the differences between wired and wireless networking systems. 📡💻🌐

 

Activity 1.2:

“Check IP Address and Default Gateway”

i. Identify the concept of an IP address and its role in a computer network.

ii. Check the IP address and default gateway of a device.

iii. Understand the difference between private and public IP addresses and

why a default gateway is important in network communication.

iv. Use command-line tools (such as ipconfig on Windows) to view

network configurations and identify the device’s IP address and default

gateway.

v. Interpret the information displayed, such as:

o IPv4 vs. IPv6 address

o Subnet mask

o Default gateway (router address)

 

Activity 1.2: Check IP Address and Default Gateway

i. Concept of an IP Address and Its Role

• An IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique numerical address assigned to a device on a network.
• It helps identify and locate devices for communication.
• Just as a house needs an address to receive mail, a computer needs an IP address to send and receive data.

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ii. Checking the IP Address and Default Gateway

Steps (Windows)

1. Press Windows + R.
2. Type cmd and press Enter.
3. In the Command Prompt, type:

ipconfig

4. Press Enter.
5. Note the following information:
• IPv4 Address
• Subnet Mask
• Default Gateway

Example Output

IPv4 Address . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.100
Subnet Mask  . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1

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iii. Private IP vs Public IP and Importance of Default Gateway

Private IP Address

• Used within a local network (LAN).
• Not directly accessible from the Internet.
• Example: 192.168.1.100

Public IP Address

• Assigned by the ISP.
• Used to communicate over the Internet.
• Visible to external networks.

Importance of Default Gateway

• The default gateway is usually the router's IP address.
• It acts as a bridge between the local network and other networks.
• Without a default gateway, a device cannot access the Internet or communicate outside its local network.

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iv. Using Command-Line Tool (ipconfig)

Command

ipconfig

Purpose

• Displays network configuration details.
• Shows the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
• Helps diagnose network connectivity issues.

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v. Interpretation of Displayed Information

1. IPv4 Address

• A 32-bit address used in most networks.
• Example: 192.168.1.100

2. IPv6 Address

• A 128-bit address designed to replace IPv4.
• Example:
  2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
• Provides a much larger number of addresses.

3. Subnet Mask

• Defines the network and host portions of an IP address.
• Example: 255.255.255.0
• Helps devices determine whether another device is on the same network.

4. Default Gateway

• Usually the router's address.
• Example: 192.168.1.1
• Forwards data from the local network to other networks, including the Internet.

Conclusion

By using the ipconfig command, the device's IPv4 address, IPv6 address, subnet mask, and default gateway can be identified. Understanding these network settings helps in troubleshooting connectivity issues and understanding how devices communicate within a network and with the Internet. 🌐💻📡

Activity 1.3: Demonstrate the Use of Network Commands

Objective

After completing this activity, students will be able to:

1. Understand the purpose of basic network commands used for troubleshooting and network analysis.
2. Use the ping command to check whether another device or website is reachable.
3. Use the ipconfig command to view the computer's IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
4. Use the tracert command to trace the path (hops) taken by data to reach a destination.
5. Use the nslookup command to find the IP address of a website (domain name).

Requirements

• A computer running Windows
• Internet connection
• Command Prompt (CMD)

Procedure

Step 1: Open Command Prompt

• Press Windows + R.
• Type cmd.
• Press Enter.

Step 2: Test Network Connection using ping

Command

ping www.google.com

Expected Output

• Four reply messages from Google.
• Time taken in milliseconds (ms).
• Number of packets sent and received.

Purpose

Checks whether the destination device or website can be reached through the network.

Step 3: View Network Configuration using ipconfig

Command

ipconfig

Expected Output

• IPv4 Address
• IPv6 Address
• Subnet Mask
• Default Gateway

Purpose

Displays the computer's current network configuration.

Step 4: Trace the Route using tracert

Command

tracert www.google.com

Expected Output

• A list of routers (hops)
• Time taken for each hop
• Final destination reached

Purpose

Shows the route that data follows from the local computer to the destination.

Step 5: Find IP Address using nslookup

Command

nslookup www.google.com

Expected Output

• DNS Server
• Server Address
• IP Address of Google

Purpose

Finds the IP address associated with a domain name.

Observation Table

Command	Purpose	Example Command	Output
ping	Checks network connectivity	ping www.google.com	Reply received with time
ipconfig	Displays network configuration	ipconfig	IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway
tracert	Traces the route to a destination	tracert www.google.com	List of hops
nslookup	Finds the IP address of a website	nslookup www.google.com	DNS server and IP address

Conclusion

This activity demonstrates four important Windows networking commands. These commands help users check network connectivity, view network settings, trace the route taken by data, and find the IP address of a website. They are commonly used for network troubleshooting and diagnosing connection problems.

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Most Important Commands for SEE Examination

Command	Main Use
ping	Tests network connectivity
ipconfig	Displays network configuration
tracert	Traces the path of data packets
nslookup	Finds the IP address of a domain name

⭐ Memory Tip

• ping → Is it reachable? ✅
• ipconfig → What is my IP? 🌐
• tracert → Which path does data follow? 🛣️
• nslookup → What is the website's IP address? 🔍

Activity 1.4: Demonstrate RJ45 and Fiber Connectors (Answers)

i. Identify and describe the physical appearance and purpose of an RJ45 connector used in Ethernet cables.

RJ45 Connector

Definition:
An RJ45 (Registered Jack-45) connector is a standard connector used with Ethernet cables to connect devices in a computer network.

Physical Appearance

• Small transparent plastic connector.
• Has 8 metal pins (contacts) inside.
• Used with UTP/STP twisted-pair cables.
• Has a locking clip that holds it firmly in the network port.

Purpose

• Connects computers, switches, routers, printers, and other network devices.
• Transfers data through electrical signals.
• Mainly used in Local Area Networks (LANs).

ii. Identify and describe fiber optic connectors (SC, LC, and ST) used in high-speed data transmission.

Fiber Optic Connectors

Definition:
Fiber optic connectors are connectors used to join fiber optic cables that transmit data using light signals.

Common Types

1. SC (Subscriber Connector)

• Square-shaped connector.
• Push-pull locking mechanism.
• Easy to connect and disconnect.
• Commonly used in ISP and telecommunications networks.

2. LC (Lucent Connector)

• Small-sized connector.
• Suitable for high-density networking.
• Widely used in data centers and modern networks.

3. ST (Straight Tip Connector)

• Round connector.
• Twist-lock (bayonet) mechanism.
• Commonly used in older fiber optic installations.

iii. Difference between RJ45 and Fiber Connectors

RJ45 Connector	Fiber Optic Connector
Used with copper (Ethernet) cables.	Used with fiber optic cables.
Transmits data using electrical signals.	Transmits data using light signals.
Suitable for short-distance communication.	Suitable for long-distance communication.
Lower speed compared to fiber.	Very high-speed communication.
Mostly used in LANs.	Used in ISP, backbone, and data center networks.

 

iv. How RJ45 Connectors are Crimped onto Twisted-Pair Cables

Steps

1. Strip the outer insulation of the twisted-pair cable.
2. Untwist and straighten the eight wires.
3. Arrange the wires according to the T568A or T568B color standard.
4. Trim the wires evenly.
5. Insert the wires into the RJ45 connector.
6. Place the connector in a crimping tool.
7. Press the crimping tool firmly to secure the connector.
8. Plug the RJ45 connector into the Ethernet port of a computer, router, or switch.

v. Advantages of Fiber Optics

• Provides very high-speed data transmission.
• Supports long-distance communication.
• Has higher bandwidth than copper cables.
• Not affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI).
• Offers more reliable and secure communication.
• Experiences lower signal loss over long distances.

vi. Typical Uses of RJ45 and Fiber Connectors

Uses of RJ45 Connectors

• Home networks
• School computer labs
• Office Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Connecting computers to switches and routers
• Network printers and IP phones

Uses of Fiber Optic Connectors

• Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks
• Backbone networks
• Data centers
• Telecommunication networks
• Long-distance internet communication

Case Study 1: Choosing the right topology

A school is preparing to modernize its computer lab. The network must be stable and

easy to maintain. The lab includes 36 computers, all of which should be connected

to the Internet and capable of instantly sharing files.

●          Task: Recommend a suitable network topology and justify your answer.

●          Focus concepts: Star topology, switch, Ethernet cables, LAN

Case Study 1: Choosing the Right Topology

Recommended Topology: Star Topology

For the school computer lab, star topology is the most suitable network topology. In this topology, all 36 computers are connected to a central device called a switch using Ethernet cables. The switch is then connected to the router/Internet connection.

Justification:
Star topology is stable and easy to maintain because each computer has a separate cable connection to the switch. If one computer or cable fails, the other computers continue working, which is very useful in a school lab. The switch allows fast file sharing between computers and helps all computers access the Internet efficiently.

Since the lab is within a limited area, it forms a LAN (Local Area Network). Therefore, using star topology with a switch and Ethernet cables is the best choice for reliable Internet access, easy troubleshooting, and quick file sharing. 📡💻🏫

 

Case Study 2: Wi-Fi connectivity issue

A student complains that his home Wi-Fi works properly on the ground floor but is

very slow on the first floor.

●          Task: Identify possible reasons and suggest solutions.

●          Focus concepts: Wi-Fi, bandwidth, signal interference, repeater, router

Placement

 

Case Study 2: Wi-Fi Connectivity Issue

Possible Reasons

1. Weak Wi-Fi Signal: The router may be too far from the first floor, causing signal loss.
2. Physical Obstacles: Walls, floors, and furniture can weaken Wi-Fi signals.
3. Signal Interference: Other wireless devices, microwaves, or neighboring Wi-Fi networks may interfere with the signal.
4. Insufficient Bandwidth: Multiple users or devices may be using the Internet simultaneously, reducing available bandwidth.
5. Poor Router Placement: The router may be placed in a corner or behind obstacles on the ground floor.

Suggested Solutions

1. Place the router in a central and open location to improve coverage.
2. Move the router away from walls, metal objects, and electronic devices that cause interference.
3. Install a Wi-Fi repeater/range extender on the first floor to boost the signal.
4. Upgrade to a higher-bandwidth Internet plan if many devices are connected.
5. Use a modern dual-band router (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) for better performance.

Conclusion

The slow Wi-Fi on the first floor is likely caused by weak signals, interference, or poor router placement. Repositioning the router and using a repeater can significantly improve Wi-Fi coverage and speed throughout the house. 📶🏠💻

 

Case Study 3: Office network upgrading

An office in Birgunj wishes to upgrade from 3G to 5G for faster communication and

improved cloud service access. They are now using obsolete networking devices.

●          Task: Suggest upgrades and explain the benefits of moving to 5G.

●          Focus concepts: 3G vs. 4G vs. 5G, throughput, latency, IoT, mobile

Broadband

 

Case Study 3: Office Network Upgrading

Suggested Upgrades

The office should replace obsolete networking devices with:

• A 5G-compatible router/modem
• Modern gigabit switches
• Latest Wi-Fi access points
• CAT6 or fiber optic cabling where necessary
• IoT-compatible networking devices

Benefits of Moving from 3G to 5G

Feature	3G	4G	5G
Speed	Low	High	Very High
Throughput	Low	Higher	Extremely High
Latency	High	Lower	Very Low
Cloud Access	Limited	Good	Excellent
IoT Support	Poor	Moderate	Excellent

Explanation

1. Higher Throughput

• 5G provides much higher throughput than 3G and 4G.
• Employees can upload and download files faster.
• Cloud-based applications work more efficiently.

2. Lower Latency

• Latency is the delay in data transmission.
• 5G offers very low latency, resulting in faster responses during video conferencing and online collaboration.

3. Better Mobile Broadband

• 5G delivers faster and more reliable Internet connectivity.
• Employees can work smoothly from mobile devices and laptops.

4. Improved IoT Support

• 5G can connect a large number of smart devices simultaneously.
• It supports modern office technologies such as smart cameras, sensors, and automated systems.

5. Increased Productivity

• Faster communication and quick access to cloud services improve overall office efficiency.
• Network congestion is reduced even when many users are connected.

Conclusion

The office should upgrade its outdated networking equipment and adopt 5G technology. Compared to 3G and 4G, 5G offers higher throughput, lower latency, better mobile broadband, and stronger IoT support, making it ideal for modern business communication and cloud services. 📶💻🚀☁️