1.5 Contemporary Technology
Contemporary Technology
Contemporary Technology refers to the latest and most advanced
technological innovations that we use in our everyday lives.
For example: smartphones are a contemporary technology. They
allow us to do things like call, text, take pictures, browse the web, and use
apps, all in one device!
Cloud Computing
v
Some
of the cloud providers are Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, IBM
Cloud, VMware Cloud, Oracle Cloud and Alibaba Cloud.
Examples
of Cloud Computing
v Gmail, Google Docs, Google Drive, Dropbox
v Microsoft 365 (Outlook, Word, Excel online)
v Google Compute Engine, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
v Netflix , Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
v Zoom, Google Meet, YouTube
Advantages
of Cloud Computing
v Access data and applications from anywhere with an internet connection
v Improved data backup and recovery capabilities
v It reduces hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.
v
Data is stored and handled securely.
Disadvantages of
Cloud Computing
v
Storing sensitive
data on remote servers raises privacy issues.
v Uploading
and downloading large volumes of data can be time-consuming.
v Switching
providers or platforms can be complex and costly.
v
Cloud services can
experience outages, leading to disruptions in business operations.
Types of cloud computing
services
v Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing
resources over the internet like processing, storage, and networking. E.g. Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2,
Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines and Google Cloud Compute Engine.
v Software as a Service (SaaS): Delivers software applications over the internet. Services
like Gmail, Google Drive, Office 365, Dropbox
v Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers a platform for developers to build, run and manage
applications over the internet. E.g. Microsoft Azure App Service, Google App
Engine, Heroku etc.
Types
of Cloud
v Public cloud - A public cloud is a service that provides computing
resources over the internet. Example: Google Drive for storing files online.
v Private cloud - A private cloud is a computing service used by single
organization. Example: A
bank's own secure system for storing customer data.
v Hybrid cloud - A hybrid cloud combines public and private clouds.
Example: A company using public cloud for email and
private cloud for sensitive financial data.
Artificial intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines
that are programmed to think and learn like humans.
John McCarthy coined the term Artificial
Intelligence in the year 1955.
Some of
the examples of AI are
v
Virtual
Assistants: Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant.
v Recommendation Systems:
Netflix, YouTube, and Amazon recommending movies, videos, or products.
v Self-Driving Cars:
Vehicles using AI to navigate and make driving decisions.
v Chatbots: Automated
customer support systems.
v
Image and
Speech Recognition: Face detection in photos or
converting speech to text.
Advantages of AI
v Accuracy - AI reduces human error in repetitive tasks.
v Availability - AI systems can operate 24/7 without
breaks.
v Increased Efficiency - AI can work faster and longer
than humans, processing large amounts of data quickly.
v Personalization - AI can provide customized
experiences based on individual preferences.
Disadvantages of AI
v High Costs - Implementing AI systems can be expensive
initially.
v Lack of Creativity - AI struggles with truly creative
and innovative thinking
v Job Displacement - Automation may lead to job losses
in certain sectors.
v Ethical Concerns - AI raises questions about privacy
and fairness
Applications areas of AI
v Healthcare - Medical
diagnosis and treatment planning
v Finance - Fraud detection and prevention
v Transportation - Self-driving cars and autonomous
vehicles
v Agriculture - Crop and soil monitoring
v Entertainment:
Creating realistic video game characters and movie effects.
"Al is for the aid of people not their against. Explain.
AI is created to help people by making tasks easier
and improving people’s lives. For example, AI can assist doctors in diagnosing
diseases quickly, suggest products online, and provide support through
chatbots. Its main goal is to support and enhance human activities, not to act
against them.
"Artificial Intelligence is threat to humans". Give your
opinion.
Ans:
"Artificial
Intelligence can be a threat if not managed properly, as it might lead to job
loss, privacy issues, or misuse. Poorly managed AI systems can make unfair
decisions or be easily hacked, leading to security problems and biased results.
AI handles routine tasks well but cannot create original ideas or solutions
like humans can.
Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that creates a
simulated environment, allowing users to immerse themselves in a
three-dimensional (3D) world that they can interact with.
Examples:
We can swim with whales in oceans, fight with aliens,
fly aero planes, visit distance places without being there and much more within
the VR.
Advantages of Virtual
Reality:
v
VR makes playing
games and exploring places more exciting because it feels real.
v
VR helps students
learn by letting them explore virtual ancient cities or cells.
v
VR allows people
to practice hard tasks, like flying a plane, safely.
v VR lets people meet in virtual worlds, making it easy
to work together from afar.
Disadvantages of Virtual Reality
v VR
equipment is expensive, so it's not affordable for everyone.
v
Using VR for a long time can cause dizziness or headaches for
some people.
v
In VR, we can't move as freely as we do in the real world.
v
Some people might become addicted to VR experiences.
Application areas of VR
v Gaming: VR immerses players in
interactive game worlds, enhancing the gaming experience by making it feel
real.
v Education: VR enables virtual field
trips and interactive learning, allowing students to explore places like
ancient Rome or the deep sea.
v Healthcare: VR provides a safe
environment for training doctors, allowing them to practice surgeries and
medical procedures without real-world risks.
v Travel and Tourism: VR offers
virtual exploration of famous sites like the Eiffel Tower or the Great Wall of
China, allowing people to experience travel from home.
E-Governance
v E-Governance is
the use of digital tools and the internet to make
government processes and services more efficient, accessible, and transparent.
v The goal of E-governance is to make
government services easier to use and more available to everyone by putting
them online, while also making the government work better overall through
technology.
Any two website URL of
government of Nepal
v
https://moecdc.gov.np/ and https://www.nepal.gov.np/
Two examples of
e-government are:
v Nepal has introduced a biometric National Identity
Card system to provide citizens with a secure digital identity for accessing
government services
v Tax filing and payment, Driving license application
and renewal
Models of E-Governance
v Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
v Government-to-Government (G2G)
v Government-to-Employee (G2E)
v Government-to-business (G2B)
Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
v G2C is delivering services and
information directly to citizens.
v E.g. Online passport application,
Vehicle registration and renewal, Tax filing and payment.
Government-to-business
(G2B)
v G2B facilitates interactions between
government and businesses.
v E.g. Company registration, Customs
clearance, online tender system etc.
Government-to-Government
(G2G)
v G2G enables information sharing and
collaboration between different government agencies.
v E.g. National e-Government Portal,
District Administration Information System etc.
Government-to-Employee
(G2E)
v G2E focuses on internal government
operations and employee management.
v E.g. Government email system,
E-attendance system etc.
Advantages
of E-governance
v
Citizens can access government services and
information conveniently from anywhere.
v
Reduces paperwork and manual processes, saving time
and resources.
v
E-governance systems promote transparency by making
government actions and decisions visible to the public.
v Improved
communication between government and citizens.
Disadvantages of
E-governance
v
Hackers might
steal people's personal information from government websites.
v
If the power goes out
or internet stops working, people can't use e-governance services.
v People who don’t have computers or internet can't access online
services.
v
Governments need
to spend a lot of money on computers and training.
Internet of
Things (IoT)
v
Internet of Things (IoT)
refers to a network of interconnected physical devices that can collect and
exchange data over the internet without requiring human intervention.
v
The term "The
Internet of Things" was coined by Kevin Ashton in a presentation to
Proctor & Gamble in 1999.
Write
any two examples of IOT.
Any two examples of IOT
are: Smart Watch, Smart TV
Components of IoT
v
Sensors/Devices - Collect
data from the environment.
v
Connectivity - Allows
the devices to send collected data to the cloud through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi etc.
v
Data Processing - Once
data reaches the cloud, software processes it and may trigger actions.
v
User Interface - Allows
users to interact with the IoT system, view data, and control devices.
Applications of Internet
of Things (IoT)
v
Smart Home - IoT devices
can be used to control things like lights and appliances from phone or
computer.
v
Health care - Smartwatches
and fitness trackers can monitor health and activity levels.
v
Smart city - Smart
traffic lights and sensors help control traffic more effectively and reduce
traffic jams.
v
Smart agriculture - Sensors
help farmers check soil and weather conditions to grow crops better.
Some
challenges of IoT are
v Protecting
people's private information.
v Keeping
devices safe from hackers.
Advantages of Internet of Things (IoT)
v It reduces the human effort,
so it saves a lot of time.
v Information is easily
accessible from any place at any time on any device.
v It enhances security and
offers personal protection.
v It enables convenient
control of home appliances.
Disadvantages of Internet
of Things (IoT)
v Hackers may gain access to the system and steal
personal information.
v IoT systems require a stable
internet connection to function.
v Setting up IoT
infrastructure can be expensive.
v The setup and management of
IoT devices can be challenging for non-technical users.
How does IOT help in our daily life? Explain.
IoT
simplifies daily life by connecting devices online. Smart thermostats save
energy, fitness trackers monitor health, and security cameras enhance safety.
Voice assistants control lights and appliances, while smart fridges track
groceries, all improving convenience and efficiency.
Mobile
Computing
Mobile computing refers
to the use of portable devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops to access
and share information from anywhere, without being tied to a specific location.
Advantages of Mobile Computing
v It allows people to work and
communicate from anywhere at any time.
v It keeps connected to the
Internet, allowing to access information all the times.
v It increases the
productivity of users reducing time and cost.
v It is one of the major
handheld sources of entertainment for users at present.
Disadvantages of Mobile Computing
v Mobile devices have limited
battery life, requiring frequent recharging.
v Excessive use of mobile
devices can lead to health issues.
v Mobile devices can be
vulnerable (weak) to cyberattacks and data theft. It can be expensive, with
high costs for devices, data plans, and accessories.
v Mobile devices may have
limited storage space, which can be insufficient for storing large files and
media.
E-learning
E-learning is a computer based educational tool or
system that enables to learn anywhere and anytime.
Examples of E-Learning
v
Virtual Classrooms from
Zoom and Google Meet,
v Online textbooks and eBooks,
v
Video based learning
platforms like YouTube etc.
Advantages of E-learning
v
There is no any
geographical limitation for learning.
v
It is quite
favorable for learner as it can happen at any time and anywhere.
v
It reduces or
eliminates travel costs to attend learning events.
v
It reduces or
eliminates need for classroom/instructor infrastructure.
Disadvantages of E-learning
v
Students may feel
isolated from the instructor and classmates
v
Slow Internet
connections or older computers may make accessing course materials frustrating.
v
It's harder to
stop cheating in online tests.
v
E-learning
increases screen time, which can lead to eye strain and fatigue (tiredness).
E-Banking
E-banking is a digital banking system that allows customers to perform
financial transactions and manage their accounts online via the internet or
mobile apps, eliminating the need to visit a physical bank branch.
Any two uses of
e-banking are:
v It saves
the time of customers as they can easily access their account with the help of
their device.
v All
transactions are recorded & stored digitally. So, the chances of human
error are minimized.
- Mobile Banking
Mobile banking is the
act of making financial transactions on a mobile device (cell phone, tablet,
etc.).
- Internet Banking
v A service provided by banks and
financial institutions that allows customers to access banking services online.
v Customers can perform various
banking tasks without the need to visit a physical branch.
v This service can be accessed using a
PC or laptop with an internet connection.Kumari Bank was the initiator of
internet banking in Nepal. It started its e-banking services in 2002.
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