Contemporary Technology Computer Science - Grade X - New Syllabus,
What is Cloud
Computing?
Cloud Computing is the use of hardware and software to deliver a service over a network (typically the Internet). With cloud computing, users can access files and use applications from any device that can access the Internet.
Examples of Cloud
Computing
a) Drop box, Face book, Gmail
b) Google Drive, Apple iCloud
c) Google Photos, Online Photoshop
d) Word, Excel, PowerPoint
e) Online gaming
f) YouTube
Uses of Cloud
Computing
a) Store, backup and recovers data
b) Host websites and blogs
c) Make communication and send emails
d) Deliver on demand software services
e) Upload/download audio / video
Advantages of Cloud
Computing
a)
Excellent
accessibility - Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access
store information anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet
connection.
b)
Backup
and Restore Data - Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is
easier to get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.
c)
Low
Maintenance Cost - Cloud computing reduces both hardware and
software maintenance costs for organizations.
d)
Mobility - Cloud
computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.
e)
Data
Security - Data security is one of the biggest advantages of
cloud computing. Data is securely stored and handled.
Disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
a) Internet Connectivity - If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data.
b) Security - While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
c) Downtime: The cloud providers may sometimes face technical outages that can happen due to various reasons, such as loss of power, low Internet connectivity, data centers going out of service for maintenance, etc. This can lead to a temporary downtime in the cloud service.
d) Lacks of Support - Cloud computing companies fail to provide proper support to the customers. Moreover, they want their user to depend on FAQs or online help, which can be a tedious job for non-technical persons.
e) Vendor lock-in: When in need to migrate from one cloud platform to another, a company might face some serious challenges because of the differences between vendor platforms. During migration, you might end up facing compatibility, interoperability and support issues.
Artificial
intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area
of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that
work and reacts like humans. John McCarthy coined the term Artificial
Intelligence in the year 1955.
Applications
of AI
a)
Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as
chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of
possible positions.
b)
Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
c)
Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They
provide explanation and advice to the users. (for example, some expert systems
help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
d)
Vision Systems − These systems understands the visual input on the
computer. For example, Police use computer software that can recognize the face
of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
e)
Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a
human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as
light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They are capable
of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
Examples
of AI
a)
Siri / Alexa- both use AI to help you complete
tasks or answer questions on your mobile devices.
b)
Netflix / Youtube - uses advanced predictive technology to suggest shows
based on your viewing preferences or rating.
c)
Facebook Feed
- filter content that is most likely to be of interest to the particular
Facebook user and predict what they will want to see.
Virtual Reality
An artificial environment created
with computer hardware and software and presented to the user in such a way that it appears and feels like a
real environment.
To "enter" a virtual reality, a user wears special
gloves, earphones, and goggles, all of which receive their input from the computer system.
In this way, at least three of the five senses are controlled
by the computer.
In addition to feeding sensory input to the user, the devices also monitor the user's
actions.
The goggles, for example, track how the eyes move and respond
accordingly by sending new video input.
Application areas of VR
a)
It can be used in medical studies to enable students to know
the human body structure.
b)
It can be used in scientific research laboratories so that
scientist can easily research on a specific topic.
c)
It can be used in entertainment like in games and movies to
make the gaming experience more real and to allow individual to experience
adventures under extreme conditions.
d)
It can be used in driving schools as it give a real look of
roads and traffic.
e)
It can be used in military training for the soldiers to get
familiar with different areas in the battlefield.
E-Governance
a)
The use of ICT and its application by the government for the
provision of information and public services to the people.
b)
The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes
for all, i.e. government, citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State and
local levels.
c)
It is the use of electronic means, to promote good
governance.
d)
An ordinary citizen gets the government facility through the
internet.
Models of E-Governance
a)
Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
b)
Government-to-business (G2B)
c)
Government-to-Government (G2G)
d)
Government-to-Employee (G2E)
Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
a)
G2C-is transaction between the government to citizens.
b)
It helps the ordinary people to reduce the time and cost to
conduct a transaction.
c)
A citizen can have access to the services anytime from
anywhere.
d)
It includes online registration of birth/ death/marriage
certificates, filling of income taxes, electricity bills, license renewals etc.
Government-to-business (G2B)
a)
G2B it is the transaction between government to business.
b)
It is efficient for both government and business
organizations.
c)
It enhances the efficiency and quality of communication and
transparency of government projects.
d)
It includes online application forms, renewing licenses,
registration etc.
Government-to-Government (G2G)
a)
G2G it is the transaction between government to government.
b)
Government agencies can share the same database using online
communication.
c)
It can communicate with global government and local
government as well.
d)
It provides safe and secure inter-relationship between
domestic or foreign government.
Government-to-Employee (G2E)
a)
G2E it is the transaction between government to employee.
b)
G2E aims to bring employees together and improvise knowledge
sharing.
c)
G2E provides online facilities to the employees like applying
for leave, reviewing salary payment record and checking the balance of holiday.
d)
G2E is also the relationship between employees, government
institutions, and their management.
Advantages
of E-Governance
a)
Speed - Electronic
technologies make communication better, and faster. It will take very less time
for any policy, or scheme to reach to the people.
b)
Transparency
- The use of e-governance helps make all functions of the
business transparent. All the information of each and every policy will
be directly available to the citizens.
c)
Accountability
- Accountability is answerability to the people by the
government. Once the transparency is achieved the government will automatically
become accountable.
d)
Reduction In Cost
- A lot the Government expenditure goes towards the cost of
buying stationery for official purposes. However, replacing them with smart
phones and the internet can saves crores of money in expenses every year.
Disadvantages
of E-Governance
a)
Loss of Interpersonal Communication
- Interpersonal communication is an aspect of communication
that many people consider vital.
b)
High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties
- the setup cost is very high and the machines have to be
regularly maintained. Often, computers and internet can also break
down and halts governmental work and services.
c)
Illiteracy - People
who doesn’t know how to operate computers and smart phones will be very
difficult for them to access and understand.
d)
Cybercrime/Leakage of Personal Information
- There is always the risk of private data of citizens stored
in government serves being stolen. Cybercrime is a serious issue; a breach of
data can make the public lose confidence in the Government’s ability.
Mobile Computing
A
technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or
any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link.
A
variety of devices that allow people to access data and information from
wherever they are.
The
main concept involves −
a)
Mobile
communication - protocols, services, bandwidth, and portals necessary to
facilitate and support the stated services.
b)
Mobile
hardware - portable laptops, smart phones, tablet Pc's, Personal
Digital Assistants.
c)
Mobile
software - actual program that runs on the mobile hardware. Eg.
Operating System
Benefits of Mobile Computing
a)
Connectivity: You
can stay connected to all sources at all times.
b)
Social Engagement: You
can interact with a variety of users via the Internet.
c)
Personalization: You
can modify your mobile computing to your individual needs.
Features of Mobile Computing
a)
Easy to handle and carry these small devices.
b)
Ability to share data and collaboration between users.
c)
Data can be transferred easily between users.
d)
People can work from the comfort of any location they wish to
as long as the connection and the security concerns are properly factored.
e)
The presence of high speed connections has also promoted the
use of mobile computing.
The Internet of Things (IoT)
A
technology that connects all electronic devices together and prompts them to
exchange information without any human intervention.
A
system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
The
term "The Internet of Things" was coined by Kevin Ashton in a
presentation to Proctor & Gamble in 1999.
Components of IoT
a)
Sensors/Devices - Sensors/Devices collect data from their
environment. e.g. Our phone is a device that has multiple sensors like GPS,
camera, Motion etc. where data is being collected based on surroundings
b)
Connectivity to Cloud -
The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud and store, through a variety
of methods including: Bluetooth, WiFi, Cellular etc.
c)
Data Processing -
Software perform data processing on cloud data to get a analyzed or computed
data. e.g Computing the temperature within an acceptable range.
d)
User Interface - The
analyzed or computed data is made useful to the end user via and alert(email,
text, notification). e.g a alert message when temperature is beyond the
acceptable range.
Applications
of Internet of Things (IoT)
a)
Smart home - Smart home encapsulates the connectivity inside
your homes. It includes smoke detectors, home appliances, light bulbs, windows,
door locks, etc.
b)
Smart City - Smart city offers all types of use cases which
include traffic management to water distribution, waste management, etc.
c)
Parking Sensors - IOT technology helps users to identify the
real-time availability of parking spaces on their phone.
d)
Connected Cars - IOT helps automobile companies handle
billing, parking, insurance, and other related stuff automatically.
e)
Activity Trackers - Helps you to capture heart rate pattern,
calorie expenditure, activity levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.
Advantage
of IOT
a)
Accessing information is easy; you can control a device that
is miles apart in real time.
b)
Communication between the connected devices becomes more
transparent and easier.
c)
Transferring data packets over a network reduces both time
and money.
d)
Automation is the need of the hour; IOT reduces human
intervention and efficiency of services
Disadvantage
of IOT
a)
There is a huge risk of leakage of confidential data, when
sent over a network.
b)
Due to its complex network, a single loophole can put the
entire system down, affecting everyone.
c)
With automation, the need of human labor reduces drastically.
d)
Today’s lifestyle is technology driven, we depend on the
technology for the tiniest of tasks.
E-learning
E-learning is a new concept of delivering digital contents in learner oriented environment using information and communication technology (ICT). Delivery of the digital content is the main characteristic of e-learning.
Advantages of e-learning:
a) It is easy for customization.
b) There is no any geographical limitation for learning.
c) It is quite favorable for learner as it can happen at any time and anywhere.
d) It reduces or eliminates travel costs to attend learning events.
e) It reduces or eliminates need for classroom/instructor infrastructure.
Disadvantages of e-learning:
a) Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may fall behind
b) Students may feel isolated from the instructor and classmates
c) Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help
d) Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials frustrating
e) Managing computer files and online learning software can sometimes seem complex for students with beginner-level computer skills
E-Banking
to
conduct financial transactions via the Internet.
funds
transfer, payment of bills, opening bank accounts online, and much more.
consumers aren't required to visit a bank branch in
order to complete most of their basic banking transactions.
A customer needs a device, an Internet connection,
and a bank card to register. Once registered, the consumer sets up a password
to begin using the service.
Features of E-Banking
a)
Faster Transactions
- People don’t need to wait in queue to transfer their funds or
pay off their bills; they can easily do it through their device. It saves the
time of customers as they can easily access their account with the help of
their device.
b)
Lowers Transaction Cost
- Whole transactions are done online over the internet. It has
reduced the manpower requirements as workload is reduced. It has also reduced
the paperwork in organizations as all transactions are recorded digitally.
c)
Provides 24×7
Service - Customers can easily access their account anytime & from
anywhere with no limitations. It provides convenience to the customers as they
can perform transactions as per their wish.
d)
Reduces The Chances of Error
- E-banking system works fully automated over the internet. All
transactions are recorded & stored digitally. There is no need to manually
maintain each & every record in books of account. So, the chances of human
error are minimized.
e)
Develops Loyalty in Customers
- Customers are able to get a user-friendly interface from the
banking website. They are able to avail services any time even from their home
comfort. This develops a sense of loyalty among customers when they are happy
with the services of their banks.
Internet Banking
a
facility offered by banks and financial institutions that allow customers to
use banking services over the internet.
Customers
need not visit their bank’s branch office to avail each and every small
service.
Use
PC or laptop and internet connection to use this facility.
Kumari
Bank was the initiator of internet banking in Nepal. It started its
e-banking services in 2002.
Features of Internet Banking
a)
The customer can view account statements.
b)
The customer can check the history of the transactions for a
given period by the concerned bank.
c)
Bank, statements, various types of forms, applications can be
downloaded.
d)
The customer can transfer funds, pay any kind of bill,
recharge mobiles, DTH connections, etc.
e)
The customer can buy and sell on e-commerce platforms.
Advantages of Internet Banking
a)
The customers get permanent access to his/her bank anytime
and anywhere.
b)
Transactions are safe and highly secure.
c)
Immediate funds transfer helps the user in time of urgent
need.
d)
It saves valuable time of the users.
Disadvantages
of Internet Banking
a)
Internet Requirement
- An uninterrupted internet connection is a foremost
requirement to use internet banking services. If you do not have access to the
internet, you cannot make use of any facilities offered online.
b)
Transaction Security: No
matter how much precautions banks take to provide a secure network, online
banking transactions are still susceptible to hackers.
c)
Difficult for Beginners:
if there is nobody who can explain them on how internet banking
works and the process flow of how to go about it. It will be very difficult for
inexperienced beginners to figure it out for themselves.
d)
Securing Password:
If the password is revealed to others, they may utilise the
information to devise some fraud. Also, the chosen password must comply with
the rules stated by the banks. Individuals must change the password frequently
to avoid password theft which can be a hassle to remember by the account holder
himself.
Mobile Banking
a)
Mobile banking is the act of making financial transactions on
a mobile device (cell phone, tablet, etc.).
b)
Download Mobile App or SMS system
c)
Inquiry based transactions such as balance inquiry,
transaction history, and transaction alert.
d)
Request for banking services such as cheque book request,
statement request, cheque stop request
e)
Other transactions such as fund transfer, utility
payment, merchant payment, third party payment
همپینگ به عنوان یک مشاور بازاریابی و فروش، نقش مهمی در کمک به کسب و کارها در تدوین و اجرای استراتژی های بازاریابی و فروش ایفا می کند. همپینگ با تجزیه و تحلیل دقیق بازار و شناسایی نیازها و خواسته های مشتریان، به کسب و کارها کمک می کند تا برنامه های بازاریابی موثری طراحی کنند که بتواند مستقیماً با مخاطبان هدف ارتباط برقرار کند. این تحلیل ها شامل بررسی رقبا، تجزیه و تحلیل روند بازار و شناسایی فرصت های جدید برای رشد و توسعه کسب و کار است.
ReplyDelete