Friday, September 19, 2025

4. Web Technology

  

4. Web Technology



4.1 Concepts of Web Technology

What is Web Technology?

Web technology refers to the tools, software, protocols, and languages that individuals, businesses, and organizations use to create, develop, and manage websites and web applications over the Internet. Its purpose is to enable users to access information, services, and interact with websites easily.

  • The Web: A network of connected information, people, and devices through the Internet.

  • Technology: The tools, software, and programming languages that make the web functional.

  • Web Technology: The set of tools, protocols, software, and programming languages used to create, manage, and run websites and web applications.

It covers both front-end technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and back-end technologies (PHP, Python, Node.js, databases, frameworks).

Examples of Web Technologies:

  1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): The standard language for creating and structuring web pages.

  2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Used for styling and formatting the look and feel of web pages.

  3. JavaScript: A scripting language that adds functionality, interactivity, and logic to websites.

  4. Python: A versatile programming language often used in web development.

  5. MySQL: A database management system used for storing and retrieving data for web applications.

  6. WordPress: A content management system used for building and managing websites and blogs.

Importance of Web Technology

Web technology plays a significant role in various aspects of life:

  • Provides Information Access: Services like Google and Wikipedia make it easy to find information.

  • Enables Communication: Platforms like email and social media allow people to communicate globally.

  • Supports Business and E-commerce: Websites like Daraz and Amazon facilitate online shopping and business transactions.

  • Encourages Education: Online learning platforms and school portals help in education.

  • Connects Communities: Interactive websites and apps bring people together from across the globe.

Web Development Life Cycle (WDLC)

The Web Development Life Cycle (WDLC) is a systematic process of creating and maintaining a website or web application. This cycle involves several stages that ensure faster development, better user experience, high functionality, and adaptability to various devices.

Stages of WDLC:

  1. Gathering Information: This stage involves understanding the goals of the project and collecting the necessary information to build the website.

  2. Planning: A basic design and structure of the website are created in this phase, similar to creating a blueprint for a building.

  3. Design and Layout: Focuses on the visual appeal of the website and how it will look and feel for the users.

  4. Content Creation: This stage involves generating and gathering text, images, videos, and other content for the website.

  5. Development: Developers use code to convert the design and content into a functional website.

  6. Testing: The website is tested for any errors or issues and corrected to ensure everything works as intended.

  7. Deployment: The website is launched and made available to users online.

  8. Maintenance and Updating: Regular updates and maintenance are carried out to keep the website running smoothly and relevant.

DNS (Domain Name System)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an essential part of the internet infrastructure. It acts as the "phonebook" of the internet, converting human-readable website names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses (like 142.250.182.78) that computers can understand.

How DNS Works:

  1. A user types a website name, such as www.neb.gov.np.

  2. The computer sends a request to the DNS server to resolve the domain name.

  3. The DNS server returns the website's IP address.

  4. The browser connects to the web server using the IP address and loads the website.

Types of Domain Names (TLD)

There are various types of top-level domains (TLD) used on the internet:

  • .com: Commercial sites (e.g., amazon.com).

  • .net: Network-related services (e.g., speedtest.net).

  • .np: Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) for Nepal (e.g., tu.edu.np).

  • .edu: Educational institutions (e.g., harvard.edu).

  • .gov: Government websites (e.g., usa.gov, nepal.gov.np).

  • .org: Non-profit organizations (e.g., who.org, wikipedia.org).

DNS Registration Process

For a website to have a globally accessible name, it must be registered in the Domain Name System (DNS), linking the domain name to its corresponding IP address.

Steps in DNS Registration:

  1. Choose the Domain Name:

    • Select a unique, simple, and memorable name that reflects the website’s purpose (e.g., mybusiness.com).

  2. Check Availability:

    • Use a domain checker tool to verify if the domain name is available. If already taken, choose an alternative name.

  3. Choose a Registrar:

    • Select a trusted company (e.g., Nest Nepal, Prabhu Host, Gurkha Host) to officially register your domain.

  4. Buy and Register the Domain:

    • Pay the required fee and complete the registration process. After registration, the domain is uniquely yours for a specified period, typically 1 year.

  5. Renew Registration:

    • Ensure timely renewal to maintain ownership. If you don't renew, someone else can register your domain.

Conclusion

Web technology is the backbone of the internet, enabling individuals, businesses, and organizations to create, develop, and manage websites and web applications. From creating web pages using HTML and CSS to ensuring smooth functionality with JavaScript and databases, web technology provides the tools necessary to bring ideas to life online. Whether you're building a simple website, an e-commerce platform, or a complex web application, web technologies are essential for creating successful and interactive digital experiences.

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