Contemporary Technology | SEE COMPUTER SCIENCE
E-Learning
E-learning refers to
a learning system that we can obtain through the internet using on electronic
device.
E-banking
E-banking refers to
da digital banking system that enables customers to conduct financial
transactions and manage their accounts online through the internet or mobile
apps, without the need for physical visit to a hank branch.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
refers to storing and accessing data and programs over the internet instead of
storing data and on secondary storage devices.
Advantages of
Cloud Computing
1.
It allows us to quickly and easily access store
information anywhere, anytime in the whole world, using an internet connection.
2.
Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to
get back-up and restore that data using the cloud.
3.
It reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs
for organizations.
4.
Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud
computing. Data is securely stored and handled.
Disadvantages of
Cloud Computing
1.
Storing sensitive data on remote servers raises privacy
issues.
2.
Uploading and downloading large volumes of data can be
time-consuming.
3.
Cloud computing companies fail to provide proper
support to the customers.
4.
Cloud services can experience outages, leading to
disruptions in business operations.
Examples
Netflix: Netflix uses the cloud to store and stream
its movies and TV shows.
Spotify: Spotify uses the cloud to store and stream
its music.
Amazon: Amazon uses the cloud to power its
e-commerce platform.
Facebook: Facebook uses the cloud to store and process
its users' data.
Google: Google uses the cloud to power its search
engine, Gmail, and other services.
Mobile Computing
Mobile computing
refers to a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to
a fixed physical link
Advantages of
Mobile Computing
1.
It allows people to work and communicate from anywhere
at any time.
2.
It keeps connected to the Internet, allowing to access
information all the times.
3.
It increases the productivity of users reducing time
and cost.
4.
It is one of the major handheld sources of
entertainment for users at present.
Disadvantages of
Mobile Computing
1.
Mobile devices have limited battery life, requiring
frequent recharging.
2.
Mobile devices can be vulnerable (weak) to cyberattacks
and data theft.
3.
It can be expensive, with high costs for devices, data
plans, and accessories.
4.
Mobile devices may have limited storage space, which
can be insufficient for storing large files and media.
IOT (Internet of
Things)
IOT refers to the a
network of interconnected physical objects, devices and sensors that can
collect and exchange data over the internet, enabling them to communicate and
perform tasks without direct human intervention.
Advantages of
Internet of Things (IoT)
1.
It reduces the human effort, so it saves a lot of time.
2.
Information is easily accessible from any place at any
time on any device.
3.
It enhances security and offers personal protection.
4.
It enables convenient control of home appliances.
Disadvantages of
Internet of Things (IoT)
1.
Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal
information.
2. IoT systems require a stable internet
connection to function.
3.
Setting up IoT infrastructure can be expensive.
4.
The setup and management of IoT devices can be
challenging for non-technical users.
Application
areas of IoT
1. Smart
homes: IoT devices can be used to automate and control home
appliances, security systems, and lighting which make homes more comfortable,
efficient, and secure.
2. Health
care:
Wearable devices, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, can collect data
about our health and activity levels which track our progress, improve our
health, and even diagnose diseases.
3. Smart
City
: IoT can be used to make cities more efficient and sustainable by improving
traffic flow, optimize energy use, and reduce waste.
4. Smart
Agriculture : IoT helps farmers monitor and manage
crops, cattle, and equipment through sensors, drones, and data analytics.
Components of IoT
a) Sensors/Devices - Sensors/Devices
collect data from their environment. e.g. Our phone is a device that has
multiple sensors like GPS, camera, Motion etc. where data is being collected
based on surroundings
b) Connectivity to Cloud - The
sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud and store, through a variety of
methods including: Bluetooth, WiFi, Cellular etc.
c) Data Processing - Software
perform data processing on cloud data to get a analyzed or computed data. e.g
Computing the temperature within an acceptable range.
d) User Interface - The
analyzed or computed data is made useful to the end user via and alert(email,
text, notification). e.g a alert message when temperature is beyond the
acceptable range.
E-Governance
E-Governance refers
to use of digital technology by government to enhance the delivery of public
services and engage with citizens more effectively.
Advantages of
E-governance
1.
Citizens can access government services and information
conveniently from anywhere.
2.
It reduces paperwork and manual tasks, which can lead
to faster decision-making and service delivery.
3.
E-governance systems promote transparency by making
government actions and decisions visible to the public.
4.
Cheaper, more effective,
and speedy communications.
Disadvantages of
E-governance
1.
Collecting and storing citizen data online can raise
privacy and security issues.
2.
Not all citizens may have the necessary technology
skills to explore e-governance platforms.
3.
E-governance may exclude individuals without access to
the internet or digital devices.
4.
In rural and remote
areas, the internet may not work well, so people there can't easily use
e-government services.
Models of E-Governance
a) Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
b) Government-to-business
(G2B)
c) Government-to-Government
(G2G)
d) Government-to-Employee
(G2E)
Government-to-Citizen(G2C)
a) G2C-is transaction
between the government to citizens.
b) It helps the ordinary
people to reduce the time and cost to conduct a transaction.
c) A citizen can have
access to the services anytime from anywhere.
d) It includes online
registration of birth/ death/marriage certificates, filling of income taxes,
electricity bills, license renewals etc.
Government-to-business
(G2B)
a) G2B it is the
transaction between government to business.
b) It is efficient for both
government and business organizations.
c) It enhances the
efficiency and quality of communication and transparency of government
projects.
d) It includes online
application forms, renewing licenses, registration etc.
Government-to-Government
(G2G)
a) G2G it is the
transaction between government to government.
b) Government agencies can
share the same database using online communication.
c) It can communicate with
global government and local government as well.
d) It provides safe and
secure inter-relationship between domestic or foreign government.
Government-to-Employee
(G2E)
a) G2E it is the
transaction between government to employee.
b) G2E aims to bring
employees together and improvise knowledge sharing.
c) G2E provides online
facilities to the employees like applying for leave, reviewing salary payment
record and checking the balance of holiday.
d) G2E is also the
relationship between employees, government institutions, and their management.
Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality
refers to an artificial environment created with computer hardware and software
and presented to the user in such a way that it appears and feels like a real
environment.
Advantages of Virtual Reality:
1.
Virtual
reality creates a realistic world.
2.
It
enables user to explore places.
3.
Through
Virtual Reality user can experiment with an artificial environment.
4.
Virtual
Reality make the education more easily and comfort.
Disadvantages of Virtual Reality
1.
The
equipment used in virtual reality are very expensive.
2.
It
consists of complex technology.
3.
In
virtual reality environment we can’t move by our own like in the real world.
4.
Some individuals may become addicted
to VR experiences.
Application
areas of VR
1. Gaming:
VR gaming allows players to immerse (dip) themselves in virtual worlds and
interact with the environment and characters.
2. Education
: VR can help students learn by making the content more engaging and memorable.
3. Health
Care
: VR can help people to learn how to
manage their anxiety and stress.
4. Architecture
and Design :
VR can be used to create 3D models of buildings and products.
Artificial
Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that
are programmed to think and act like humans.
Advantages of AI:
1.
AI reduces labor and operational costs by automating
tasks.
2.
AI processes and analyzes data faster than humans,
leading to quicker decision-making.
3.
AI can automate repetitive tasks, saving time and
reducing errors.
4. AI is used in medical diagnosis software to
help doctors identify diseases.
Disadvantages of AI:
1.
Automation by AI can lead to job losses in certain
industries.
2.
Developing and maintaining AI systems can be costly for
businesses.
3.
AI can analyze and collect personal data, raising
privacy concerns.
4.
Understanding and managing AI systems can be complex
and require specialized knowledge.
Application areas
of AI
1.
Robotics - AI is used in robotics to control robots and make them
perform tasks autonomously.
Eg. Erica
and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.
2.
Gaming - The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
3.
Education - AI chatbot can communicate with students as a
teaching assistant.
4.
Security - AI is used in facial recognition,
threat detection, and cybersecurity.
Examples
Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are
all examples of virtual assistants that use AI to understand our spoken
requests and respond accordingly.
